Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in urban and rural India: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to estimate the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in India's urban and rural areas. Medline, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases were searched for population-based studies published in English between January 1990 and April 2021, wherein the prevalence of DR among Indian residents with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) was reported. A random-effects model was used to estimate the overall, rural, and urban prevalence. Data from 10 eligible studies were aggregated for meta-analysis. The prevalence of DR was 17.44% (95% confidence interval [CI], 14.33-20.55) in urban and 14.00% (95% CI: 9.13-18.86) in rural population (P = 0.24). The overall DR prevalence was 16.10% (95% CI: 13.16-24.32), and the population prevalence was 1.63% [95% CI: 0.94-2.32]. Prevalence of DR in people with diabetes was lower in the age group of 40-49 years [13.57% (95% CI: 7.16-19.98)] than in the age group of 50-59 years [16.72% (95% CI: 12.80-20.64)] and the age group of 60 years and above [16.55% (95% CI: 12.09-21.00)]. Variability in studies was high: urban (I2 = 88.90%); rural (I2 = 92.14%). Pooled estimates indicate a narrow difference in DR prevalence among people with diabetes in rural and urban India. The fast urbanization and increasing diabetes prevalence in rural areas underscore the need for providing equitable eye care at the bottom of the health pyramid.