Recent advances in soil microbial fuel cells based self-powered biosensor

The soil microbial fuel cell (SMFC) is a new device that was originally designed to generate electricity from organic matter in soil using microorganisms. Currently, SMFC based biosensors are emerging as a new and promising research direction for real-time and rapid monitoring of soil quality or soil pollution. Compared to conventional biosensors, SMFC based biosensors exhibit advantages such as low-cost, simple design, in-situ, and long-term self-powering monitoring, which makes it become attractive devices for in-situ long-term soil quality or soil pollution monitoring. Thus, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of SMFC based biosensors. In this review, different prototypes of SMFC based biosensors developed in recent years are introduced, the biosensing mechanisms and the roles of SMFC are highlighted, and the emerging applications of these SMFC based biosensors are discussed. Since the SMFC based biosensors are applied in open-air conditions, the effects of different environmental factors on the biosensing response are also summarized. Finally, to further expand the understanding and boost the practical application of the SMFC based biosensors, future perspectives including fundamental mechanism exploration and investigation of the full-scale application are proposed.