Responses of Early Distribution and Developmental Traits of Male and Female Trees to Stand Density in Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. Plantation

Density plays an important role in tree growth and development. Exploring the growth of males and females in the early stage of gender differentiation and the distribution pattern in different densities are beneficial to assess the influence earlier caused by density of the productivity and reproductive potential of dioecious plantations. We observed the numbers, distribution pattern and phenotypic traits of the males and females of Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. in four initial densities (D-1: 1.5 x 3 m; D-2: 2 x 2 m; D-3: 1.5 x 1.5 m; D-4: 1 x 1 m). The results showed that the number of males and females gradually decreased with the increase in stand density, and they were randomly distributed in each density. With the increase in density, the total volume of males and females increased first and then decreased, and the highest value appeared in the D-2 (2 x 2 m) density. The phenotypic traits of males and females had no significant difference within the same density. With increasing density, the crown width and the diameter of males and females all gradually decreased. There was a larger leaf area, larger specific leaf weight, and less leaf index for males, but for females, there was a relatively stable leaf area, larger leaf biomass, and less living under branch height. In the current stage, the D-2 (2 x 2 m) planting density has advantages in the number and quality of males and females. Our results emphasize that suitable stand density can promote the volume of timber accumulation and reproduction of males and females in plantations with dioecious trees.