Automatic segmentation model of intercondylar fossa based on deep learning: a novel and effective assessment method for the notch volume

Background Notch volume is associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Manual tracking of intercondylar notch on MR images is time-consuming and laborious. Deep learning has become a powerful tool for processing medical images. This study aims to develop an MRI segmentation model of intercondylar fossa based on deep learning to automatically measure notch volume, and explore its correlation with ACL injury. Methods The MRI data of 363 subjects (311 males and 52 females) with ACL injuries incurred during non-contact sports and 232 subjects (147 males and 85 females) with intact ACL were retrospectively analyzed. Each layer of intercondylar fossa was manually traced by radiologists on axial MR images. Notch volume was then calculated. We constructed an automatic segmentation system based on the architecture of Res-UNet for intercondylar fossa and used dice similarity coefficient (DSC) to compare the performance of segmentation systems by different networks. Unpaired t-test was performed to determine differences in notch volume between ACL-injured and intact groups, and between males and females. Results The DSCs of intercondylar fossa based on different networks were all more than 0.90, and Res-UNet showed the best performance. The notch volume was significantly lower in the ACL-injured group than in the control group (6.12 ± 1.34 cm 3 vs. 6.95 ± 1.75 cm 3 , P < 0.001). Females had lower notch volume than males (5.41 ± 1.30 cm 3 vs. 6.76 ± 1.51 cm 3 , P < 0.001). Males and females who had ACL injuries had smaller notch than those with intact ACL ( p < 0.001 and p < 0.005). Men had larger notches than women, regardless of the ACL injuries ( p < 0.001). Conclusion Using a deep neural network to segment intercondylar fossa automatically provides a technical support for the clinical prediction and prevention of ACL injury and re-injury after surgery.