Vertical structures of abrupt heavy rainfall events over southwest China with complex topography detected by dual-frequency precipitation radar of global precipitation measurement satellite

Southwest China is with complex topography including basins, mountains, hills and plains, where abrupt heavy rainfall events (AHREs) occur frequently and are difficult to quantitatively estimate due to limited ground-based observations. Using the data of ground rain gauges and GPM dual-frequency precipitation radar during April to September in 2014-2020, this study investigates vertical structures of AHREs over southwest China. Both mass-weighted mean diameter (D-m) and reflectivity (Z(e)) of AHREs increase rapidly in ice-phase process but slowly in liquid-phase process. For convective rainfall of AHREs, abundant water vapour and strong atmospheric convective motion cause higher D-m and Z(e) but lower generalized intercept parameter (dBN(w)) than those for stratiform rainfall. Moreover, ice-phase process is active while liquid-phase process is weak in the mountains, but the situation is opposite in the plains, which results in large-size and low-concentration raindrops in the mountains while small-size and high-concentration raindrops in the plains. Furthermore, statistical models of vertical profile of reflectivity (VPR) indicate that VPR patterns are affected by surface rain intensity and present different trends around the 0 degrees C level between stratiform and convective rainfalls. In addition, higher rain top height in the mountains is conducive to ice-phase process while lower terrain height in the plains is favourable for liquid-phase process. Therefore, the VPR pattern depends on rain type, terrain and rainfall intensity, and its fine model is beneficial for understanding microphysical process of AHREs and improving quantitative precipitation estimation by ground-based radars.