Carbon Dots as New Building Blocks for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Electrocatalysis

In recent years, research into the synthesis and applications of 0D carbon dots (CDs) has blossomed into a vibrant and exciting new research field. CDs possess diverse and fascinating chemical, structural, and optical characteristics, which can be exploited in both fundamental research and applied areas. In particular, their superior electrochemical activity and ease-of-modification make CDs very promising electrode materials in electrocatalysis and electrical energy storage. This review seeks to provide an overview of the latest ground-breaking research relating to the utilization of CDs in electrochemical processes and energy storage, thus providing a timely snapshot of recent advancements in this area. To begin, advances in CDs synthesis methods, CDs structural characteristics, and CDs modification/functionalization strategies are explored, with a view toward structure-property relationships. Next, the performance of CDs in various electrochemical energy-related applications are summarized, including H-2 evolution, O-2 evolution/reduction, CO2 reduction, batteries and supercapacitors. Finally, the future challenges and opportunities for CDs-based energy materials and devices are surveyed.