Geochemical characterisation of offshore New Zealand phosphorites, and mechanisms for their formation

Phosphate deposits can form in a range of environments, and despite similar P contents, their mineralogy, and hence major and trace element chemistry, can vary substantially. Continental margins with high surface-water productivity are recognised as a major environment for the formation of extensive phosphate deposits. The geochemical characterisation of continental-margin-derived phosphorites from Chatham Rise and south-eastern offshore New Zealand, as well as newly discovered seamount phosphorites from Bollons Seamount (first documented here), offer insights into the different mechanisms of phosphorite formation from these two different environments. Though less studied, seamounts are increasingly recognised for their phosphorite deposits as well as Fe-Mn crusts and Mn nodules. We propose the first model for the formation of nodules at Bollons Seamount, and an updated model for Chatham Rise nodules (and south-eastern offshore NZ phosphorites) is presented. Suboxic-to-anoxic enrichments of U and V are observed in Chatham Rise and south-eastern offshore phosphorites that contrast with oxic enrichments of Mn, Ce, Co, and Cr in Bollons Seamount phosphorites. Differences in uptake of Light Rare Earth Elements (LREE) vs. Heavy Rare Earth Elements (HREE) and variations in mineralogy (e.g., presence of glauconite vs. Fe-Mn crusts), allow phosphate deposits that formed in organic-rich, upwelling continental-margin environments to be distinguished from those that formed in oxic-suboxic organic-poor seamount environments.