Zinner syndrome in children: clinical presentation, imaging findings, diagnosis, and outcome

Background Zinner syndrome (ZS), the association of congenital seminal vesicle cyst (SVC) and ipsilateral kidney anomalies, is rarely diagnosed in childhood. This study aimed to assess presentation, imaging findings, management, and outcome of pediatric ZS. Methods Sixteen children with ZS were diagnosed and managed at our hospital from 2003 to 2021. We reviewed the medical records to collect data on initial symptoms, results of imaging studies, complications, operation, and follow-up. Results Ultrasound was used in all 16 cases as initial diagnostic tool. Fourteen patients were asymptomatic at diagnosis: these were transferred from obstetricians or pediatricians for evaluation of the prenatally or postnatally detected ultrasonic kidney anomalies. SVCs were incidentally noted on ultrasonography. The other two cases initially presented with urinary tract infection (UTI). Kidney anomalies included multicystic dysplastic kidney in 3 and kidney agenesis in 13 patients. Eleven (68.7%) patients had ipsilateral ectopic ureters entering SVC. Four (36.4%) patients had a reflux from urethra into SVC (urethro-cystic reflux) on voiding cystourethrography. Ten (62.5%) patients remained asymptomatic over a mean of 58 months (range, 7–216 months), two patients developed lower urinary tract dysfunction, and five patients had UTIs. Two boys needed SVC removal, and SVC had disappeared in two patients after 2.5–4 years of follow-up. Conclusions Unilateral kidney hypodysplasia with ectopic ureter inserting into the ipsilateral SVC is a characteristic sign for diagnosis of ZS. In our case series, ZS was mainly asymptomatic. Urethro-cystic reflux was associated with UTIs in young infants. SVC removal was rarely required. Graphical abstract A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information