Direct water injection and combustion time in SI engines

Over time, internal combustion engines were profoundly developed becoming more reliable, more economical and less polluting. Even if the current trend is headed towards hybrid and electric vehicles, the development of these engines continues by optimizing its operation with alternative fuels and innovative technologies. Water injection in internal combustion engines is one important way towards engine optimization. This study aims to experimentally determine the effects of direct water injection on the combustion duration of spark-ignition engines. As the thermal processes in internal combustion engines are very complex, the shape of the combustion chamber and other factors, such as the direct water injection timing has a direct influence on the results. This paper explores the potential for such a system in terms of combustion duration showing that the water injection can be beneficial. The concept was applied to a side-valve engine, as this design has a broader potential for injector location and aim. (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.