An integrated biomarker of PD-L1 expression and intraepithelial CD8(+) T cell infiltration was associated with the prognosis of lung cancer patients after intracranial resection of brain metastases

Background Brain metastases (BM) are common in lung cancer. However, data on the status of immune biomarkers in BM lesions remain limited. Methods We retrospectively analyzed PD-L1 expression and infiltration levels of CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+) T cells as biomarkers by immunohistochemistry in both BM lesions and primary lung cancer (PL) lesions of 29 lung cancer (LC) patients. In addition, the correlations between these biomarkers and the clinical outcome were analyzed using log-rank test. Results Intratumoral heterogeneous expression of PD-L1 was observed on tumor cells (TCs) in 11 cases and on immune cells (ICs) in 10 cases with BM samples from multiple regions. There was a disagreement in PD-L1 expression on TCs between paired BM and PL lesions in 15 cases and on ICs in seven cases. Intraepithelial CD3(+) and CD8(+) T cell infiltration levels in BM samples were lower than those in the paired PL samples. PD-L1 positivity on both TCs and ICs was associated with a better post-BM-surgery prognosis (p = 0.010; p = 0.041). Notably, PD-L1 positivity on TCs and a high level of intraepithelial CD8(+) T cell infiltration could serve as an integrated biomarker that indicates longer survival time (p = 0.004) in LC patients. Conclusion The heterogeneity in PD-L1 expression was common in both stromal and intraepithelial regions in BM lesions of LC patients, suggesting the need for multiregional PD-L1 testing in clinical practice. More importantly, a combination of PD-L1 expression on TCs with intraepithelial CD8(+) T cell infiltration might predict better post-BM-surgery outcomes.