PDE4D binds and interacts with YAP to cooperatively promote HCC progression.

The role of cAMP in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is controversial and the biological function of cAMP-hydrolysing enzyme phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) in HCC remains unclear. In this study, we observed markedly higher PDE4D expression in HCC patients with poor survival. PDE4D bound to yes-associated protein (YAP), and PDE4D expression positively correlated with YAP expression in HCC. Overexpression of PDE4D increased YAP dephosphorylation and activity and promoted HCC cell growth in vitro and in vivo, which was attenuated by the YAP inhibitor verteporfin. In contrast, silencing PDE4D reduced YAP expression and HCC cell growth. Notably, forced expression of YAP promoted PDE4D and YAP target gene expression and cell growth, which were abrogated by the PDE4D inhibitor roflumilast. Mechanistically, silencing of YAP caused PDE4D downregulation and HCC cell apoptosis via extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation. Roflumilast activated cAMP-PKA signaling and induced cAMP-PKA-dependent YAP phosphorylation at serine 127, resulting in YAP degradation and suppression of HCC growth, which were reversed by the PKA inhibitor PKI. Additionally, transfection of the YAP-S127A mutant reversed roflumilast-mediated suppression of YAP and cell growth. Taken together, our findings indicate that PDE4D binds to and interacts with YAP to promote HCC progression. Targeting the PDE4D-YAP interaction with roflumilast may be an effective strategy for HCC treatment.