Phasor approach FLIM as an indicator for NADPH oxidase during exposure to secondary organic aerosols

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) is a multi-subunit enzyme which is responsible for host defense and inflammation signaling against either bacterial infection or pollutants. During activation, free oxygen is turned into superoxide anions which further leads to cascade formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, once accumulation of ROS exceeds cell capacity, it damages components including proteins, lipids, and DNA known as oxidative stress which contributes to various lethal impacts such as lipid peroxidation and cancer.