Effects of lung volume and trigeminal nerve stimulation on diving response in breath-hold divers and non-divers

•Breath-hold divers are more responsive to trigeminal nerve stimulation compared to non-divers.•Breath-hold divers had a more pronounced reduction in stroke volume during breath-holding at total lung capacity than non-divers.•The decrease in stroke volume was correlated with % forced vital capacity when breath-holding was performed at total lung capacity.