Title: Daily caffeinated soda intake is associated with impaired working memory and higher 1 impulsivity in children 2

While the negative impacts of caffeinated soda on children’s physical health have been well 2 documented, it remains unexplored if habitual caffeinated soda intake is associated with 3 intellectual capacities in children. Here, we investigated the behavioral and neural correlates of 4 daily consumption of caffeinated soda on neurocognitive functions including working memory, 5 impulsivity, and reward processing. We rigorously tested the link between caffeinated soda intake 6 and the neurocognitive functions by applying machine learning and hierarchical linear regression 7 to a large dataset from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study ( N =3,966; 8 age=9-10 years). The results showed that daily consumption of caffeinated soda in children was 9 associated with impaired working memory and higher impulsivity, and increased amygdala 10 activation during the emotional working memory task. The machine learning results also showed 11 hypoactivity in the nucleus accumbens and the posterior cingulate cortex during reward 12 processing. These results findings have significant implications for public health 13 recommendations. significantly associated with categorical caffeinated soda intake (daily-drinking group versus non-drinking group), even after controlling the controlled variables and the amount of sleep. Higher score in the List sorting Test score was associated with lower intake of caffeinated soda, while other five variables (left amygdala activation during the Emotional N-Back Task (EN-Back), stop signal reaction time (SSRT), Urgency-Premeditation-Perseverance-Sensation Seeking-Positive Urgency (UPPS-P), Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS), and Behavioral Activation System (BAS)) were associated with higher intake of caffeinated soda.