Simulating Future LUCC by Coupling Climate Change and Human Effects Based on Multi-Phase Remote Sensing Data

Future land use and cover change (LUCC) simulations play an important role in providing fundamental data to reveal the carbon cycle response of forest ecosystems to LUCC. Subtropical forests have great potential for carbon sequestration, yet their future dynamics under natural and human influences are unclear. Zhejiang Province in China is an important distribution area for subtropical forests. For forest management, it is of great significance to explore the future dynamic changes of subtropical forests in Zhejiang. As a popular LUCC spatial simulation model, the cellular automata (CA) model coupled with machine learning and LUCC quantitative demand models such as system dynamics (SD) can achieve effective LUCC simulation. Therefore, we first integrated a back propagation neural network (BPNN), a CA, and a SD model as a BPNN_CA_SD (BCS) coupled model for future LUCC simulation and then designed a slow development scenario (SD_Scenario), a harmonious development scenario (HD_Scenario), a baseline development scenario (BD_Scenario), and a fast development scenario (FD_Scenario), combining climate change and human disturbance. Thirdly, we obtained future land-use patterns in Zhejiang Province from 2014 to 2084 under multiple scenarios, and finally, we analyzed the temporal and spatial changes of land use and discussed the subtropical forest dynamics of the future. The results showed the following: (1) The overall accuracy was approximately 0.8, the kappa coefficient was 0.75, and the figure of merit (FOM) value was over 28% when using the BCS model to predict LUCC, indicating that the model could predict the consistent change of LUCC accurately. (2) The future evolution of the LUCC under different scenarios varied, with the growth of bamboo forests and the decline of coniferous forests in the FD_Scenario being prominent among the forest dynamics changes. Compared with 2014, the bamboo forest in 2084 will increase by 37%, while the coniferous forest will decrease by 25%. (3) Comparing the area and spatial change of the subtropical forests, the SD_Scenario was found to be beneficial for the forest ecology. These results can provide an important decision-making reference for land-use planning and sustainable forest development in Zhejiang Province.