SoFDA: an integrated web platform from syndrome ontology to network-based evaluation of disease–syndrome–formula associations for precision medicine

Clinical manifestations of symptoms play a crucial role in the diagnosis and appropriate treatment of diseases and are consid-ered one of the main clinical features for contemporary disease taxonomy(i.e.,international classification of diseases,ICD)[1].Deep investigation on molecular connections among symptoms is one of the key tasks for developing a disease-specific knowledge network and thus promoting the refinement of disease taxonomy toward precision medicine[2].Given the wide accessibility of symptoms and significant values for the management of various diseases,the detection of symptom groups(i.e.,two or more co-occurring symptoms)from large-scale clinical data for symptom science and precision health is a vital and novel promising approach[3].Therefore,the perception of symptom groups in the clinical settings and underlying molecular networks could be the next frontier for personalized medicine.