Efficacy of Panax ginseng supplementation on androgen deficiency rats via metabolomics and gut microbiota

•Metabolomics and gut microbiota were integrated to investigate the antagonistic action on androgen deficiency of Panax ginseng.•22 possible endogenous biomarkers of androgen deficiency were identified.•16 endogenous biomarkers related to Panax ginseng regulation were identified.•7 gut microbiota markers with significant changes related to Panax ginseng regulation were identified.