Removal of lead(II) by nanofiltration-ranged thin film nanocomposite membrane incorporated UiO-66-NH2: Comparative removal performance between hydraulic-driven and osmotic-driven membrane process

•Water permeability of TFN membranes improved about 2 times than water permeability of TFC membrane attributed to UiO-66-NH2 act as water channel and presence of -NH2 which is known as hydrophilic functional groups•FO process offers 30% better Pb(II) removal than NF process•Three key mechanisms that influence solute rejections by TFN/UiO-66-NH2 membranes; 1) steric hindrance/size exclusion; 2)donnan exclusion; and 3) adsorption/chelation