A Physical Simulator Integrated with Soft Sensors for Mastering Tissue Manipulation in Robotic Surgery

Robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery requires the surgeons to learn the new control dynamics of the surgical instruments and, usually, how to deal with the loss of haptic feedback. Indeed, excessive forces applied to delicate tissues as blood vessels may cause dramatic intraoperative events, such as major bleeding. Training plays a paramount role to prevent the onset of such adverse events. T...