Testosterone levels among non-obstructive azoospermic patients 2 years after failed bilateral microdissection testicular sperm extraction: a nested case-cohort study

Purpose To define the risk of hypogonadism following microdissection testicular sperm extraction in cases of non-obstructive azoospermia. While sperm retrieval by open testicular sperm extraction can be associated with an increased risk of hypogonadism, there is limited data addressing which procedures and which patients harbor the greatest risk. Methods We report on a community-acquired, nested, case-cohort of non-obstructive azoospermic patients referred to one clinic after failed bilateral microdissection testicular sperm extraction. Patients were health-matched (1:2) to surgically naïve controls and divided into 2 cohorts based on risk factors for hypogonadism. Among microdissection patients, we compared total testosterone and gonadotropin levels before and > 6 months after surgery. Biochemical hypogonadism was defined as a total serum testosterone level ≤ 300 ng/dL. Hormone levels were compared to risk-matched controls. Comparative statistics were used to assess hormone levels within and between cohorts. Results There were no significant differences in baseline testosterone levels between microdissection patients ( n = 26) and risk-matched controls ( n = 52). At a mean of 26 months (range 6.2–112.8) post-procedure, mean testosterone levels decreased significantly (73 ng/dL or 16%; CI − 27, − 166; p < 0.01, paired t -test). Among microdissection patients with baseline testosterone > 300 ng/dL, 8/22 (36%) experienced hypogonadism post-procedure. There was a corresponding increase in follicle stimulating hormone ( p = 0.05) and a trending increase in luteinizing hormones ( p = 0.10). Conclusion A durable decrease in testosterone levels occurs after failed microdissection testicular sperm extraction regardless of baseline risk of hypogonadism. In addition, a significant proportion of eugonadal patients will become hypogonadal after failed testicular microdissection procedures.