Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) in critically ill infants: a multicenter cohort study

Background The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and to evaluate risk factors associated with worse outcomes. We hypothesized that infants with CAKUT with extra-renal manifestations have higher mortality. Methods This is a cohort study of all inborn infants who were diagnosed with any form of CAKUT discharged from NICUs managed by the Pediatrix Medical Group from 1997 to 2018. Logistic and linear regression models were used to analyze risk factors associated with in-hospital mortality. Results The prevalence of CAKUT was 1.5% among infants hospitalized in 419 NICUs. Among the 13,383 infants with CAKUT analyzed, median gestational age was 35 (interquartile range [IQR] 31–38) weeks and median birth weight was 2.34 (IQR 1.54–3.08) kg. Overall in-hospital mortality for infants with CAKUT was 6.8%. Oligohydramnios (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 4.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.2–9.1, p < 0.001), extra-renal anomalies (aOR 2.5, 95% CI 2.0–3.1, p < 0.001), peak SCr (aOR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01–1.03, p < 0.001) and exposure to nephrotoxic medications (aOR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1–1.7, p = 0.01) were associated with increased mortality, while a history of urological surgery or intervention was associated with lower mortality (aOR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4–0.7, p < 0.001). Conclusions Infants hospitalized in the NICU who have CAKUT and the independent risk factors for mortality (e.g., oligohydramnios and presence of extra-renal anomalies) require close monitoring, minimizing of exposure to nephrotoxic drugs, and timely urological surgery or intervention. Graphical abstract A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information