Novel quantification of regional fossil fuel CO2 reductions during COVID-19 lockdowns using atmospheric oxygen measurements

It is not currently possible to quantify regional-scale fossil fuel carbon dioxide (ffCO(2)) emissions with high accuracy in near real time. Existing atmospheric methods for separating ffCO(2) from large natural carbon dioxide variations are constrained by sampling limitations, so that estimates of regional changes in ffCO(2) emissions, such as those occurring in response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdowns, rely on indirect activity data. We present a method for quantifying regional signals of ffCO(2) based on continuous atmospheric measurements of oxygen and carbon dioxide combined into the tracer "atmospheric potential oxygen" (APO). We detect and quantify ffCO(2) reductions during 2020-2021 caused by the two U.K. COVID-19 lockdowns individually using APO data from Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory in the United Kingdom and a machine learning algorithm. Our APO-based assessment has near-real-time potential and provides high-frequency information that is in good agreement with the spread of ffCO(2) emissions reductions from three independent lower-frequency U.K. estimates.