Embodied learning in multiple sclerosis using melodic, sound, and visual feedback: a potential rehabilitation approach

Given the prevalence of motor and cognitive functions in persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), we proposed that the theoretical framework of embodiment could provide a rehabilitation avenue to train these functions as one functional unit. PwMS (n = 31) and age- and gender-matched healthy controls (n = 30) underwent an embodied learning protocol. This involved learning a cognitive sequence while performing it through bodily stepping movement under three feedback conditions (melody, sound, and visual). Cognitive and movement performance was assessed by a delayed recall 15 min after undergoing the embodied learning protocol. Half of participants correctly recalled the sequence in all three conditions, while 70% of healthy controls achieved correct recall within the melody condition. Balance impairment predicted the speed of executing the sequence irrespective of learning, most apparent in the melody condition. Information processing speed predicted the speed of executing the sequence in the melody and sound conditions between participants as well as over time. Those who learned performed the sequence faster in the melody condition only and overall were faster over time. We propose how embodied learning could expand the current context of rehabilitation of cognitive and motor control in PwMS.