Research Opportunities in Autonomic Neural Mechanisms of Cardiopulmonary Regulation: A Report From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the National Institutes of Health Office of the Director Workshop

•The ANS is a key regulator of cardiopulmonary health and disease and sleep/circadian pathophysiology.•Understanding cardiopulmonary sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve structure/function over disease time-course and cell type interactions is essential.•In vitro autonomic nervous system and experimental and computational integrative studies are necessary.•Clarifying sex-and race-specific cardiopulmonary and sleep/circadian influence on autonomic nerve function in response to neurotherapeutic interventions is critical to inform personalized strategies.