Environments and situations as correlates of eating and drinking among women living with obesity and urban poverty

Objective: One path to improving weight management may be to lessen the self-control burden of physical activity and healthier food choices. Opportunities to lessen the self-control burden might be uncovered by assessing the spatiotemporal experiences of individuals in daily context. This report aims to describe the time, place, and social context of eating and drinking and 6-month weight change among 209 midlife women (n = 113 African-American) with obesity receiving safety-net primary care. Methods: Participants completed baseline and 6-month weight measures, observations and interviews regarding obesogenic cues in the home environment, and up to 12 ecological momentary assessments (EMA) per day for 30 days inquiring about location, social context, and eating and drinking. Results: Home was the most common location (62%) at times of EMA notifications. Participants reported "yes" to eating or drinking at the time of nearly one in three (31.1% +/- 13.2%) EMA notifications. Regarding social situations, being alone was significantly associated with less frequent eating and drinking (OR = 0.75) unless at work in which case being alone was significantly associated with a greater frequency of eating or drinking (OR = 1.43). At work, eating was most common late at night, whereas at home eating was most frequent in the afternoon and evening hours. However, eating and drinking frequency was not associated with 6-month weight change. Conclusions: Home and work locations, time of day, and whether alone may be important dimensions to consider in the pursuit of more effective weight loss interventions. Opportunities to personalize weight management interventions, whether digital or human, and lessen in-the-moment self-control burden might lie in identifying times and locations most associated with caloric consumption. Clinical trial registration: NCT03083964 in