The influence of local environmental factors in southwestern Poland on the abundance of Ixodes ricinus and prevalence of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. and B. miyamotoi

Ticks are important ectoparasites and vectors of pathogens that cause disease in humans and animals. The natural habitat of Ixodes ricinus ticks is forests, which are convenient habitats to search for hosts, including reservoir hosts, and therefore can be an important habitat source of tick-borne pathogens. The aim of the study was to assess the usefulness of detailed forest habitat-type maps to estimate the tick-borne risk at a local scale (Lower Silesia, SW Poland). For the purposes of estimating tick abundance, we used the land cover maps available from the Forest Data Bank. For I. ricinus collection, nine sites located in three forest habitat types were chosen: broadleaf forest, mixed broadleaf and coniferous forest and coniferous forest. Ticks were collected once a month from April to June 2018 and 2019 using the standard flagging method. At each of the nine sites, ticks were collected in four plots, of 100 m 2 each. Tick abundance was analysed using general linear mixed models (GLMM). A total of 2196 (10.1/100 m 2 ) ticks were collected, including 2093 Ixodes ricinus (95.3%; 9.6/100 m 2 ), 46 Dermacentor reticulatus (2.1%; 0.2/100 m 2 ) and 57 Haemaphysalis concinna (2.6%; 0.3/100 m 2 ). Among the collected I. ricinus were 589 larvae (28.1%; 2.7/100 m 2 ), 1261 nymphs (60.3%; 5.8/100 m 2 ), 128 females (6.1%; 0.6/100 m 2 ) and 115 males (5.5%; 0.5/100 m 2 ). We found a highly significant effect of forest habitat type on the density of ticks for broadleaf forest (coefficient = 1.87267, p -value = 2.79e − 07). Additionally, a significant influence of air temperature and relative humidity on the abundance of ticks was observed. During spring, the peak activity of I. ricinus was recorded in May and June. For DNA amplification of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l., a nested PCR method was used. Out of 494 I. ricinus , 83 (16.8%) were positive for Borrelia spp. The RFLP method showed the occurrence of five species including four belonging to the B. burgdorferi s.l. complex: B. afzelii (30.1%), B. garinii (38.6%), B. valaisiana (2.4%) and B. lusitaniae (18.1%). Furthermore, B. miyamotoi (9.6%), a species belonging to bacteria that cause relapsing fever as well as co-infection of B. miyamotoi / B.lusitaniae (1.2%) were found. The differences in the infection level of Borrelia spp. between broadleaf forest and mixed broadleaf and coniferous forest were statistically significant.