Transposon activities drive the selection and diversification of sweet orange (Citrus × sinensis) cultivars in the last 500 years

Sweet orange (SWO) has one of the largest numbers of cultivar groups in Citrus with diverse horticultural traits just through asexual breeding. However, the molecular mechanism driving its fast selection and diversification is unclear. In this study, we completely surveyed the transposon activities in SWO genomes and unraveled six transposon families with up to 8,974.2-fold activity increase in modern SWO cultivars. Based on the transposon insertion phylogenetic tree, we inferred that modern SWOs date back to a common ancestor ∼500 years ago and reconstructed three major spread events in SWO cultivation history. Activation, acceleration, and silencing of the six families have recurred in distinct lineages. Their insertions are presented as tag mutations for all SWO cultivar groups and can distinguish over 99% of all analyzed SWO accessions. The insertions are enriched in impacting plant development and hormone signaling. This study demonstrated the importance of transposon activities in asexual breeding. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.