The impact of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) concentration on yield in Prunus dulcis, Pistacia vera , and Juglans regia

Successful yield in orchards is the culmination of a series of events that start with plants entering dormancy with adequate energy reserves (non-structural carbohydrates; NSC). These NSC are responsible for the maintenance of activities during dormancy and extending onto the period of activeness. Using multi-year yield information and monthly NSC content in twigs, we show that high levels of carbohydrate in Prunus dulcis , Pistachio vera , and Juglans regia during the winter months are indeed associated with high yield, while high levels of the NSC in late summer often correlate with low yield. An evaluation of monthly NSC level importance on yield revealed that for P. dulcis high levels in February were a good predictor of yield and that low levels throughout summer were associated with high yield. In P. vera , high levels of NSC in December were best predictors of yield. J. regia exhibited peculiar patterns; while high pre-budbreak reserves were associated with high yields they only played a minor role in explaining crop, the most important months for predicting yields were June and July. Results suggest that NSC levels can serve as good predictors of orchard yield potential and should be monitored to inform orchard management.