Hierarchical surface wrinkles and bumps generated on chitosan films having double-skin layers comprising topmost carrageenan layers and polyion complex layers

Surface wrinkling to fabricate hierarchical surface topographies has attracted much attention because of the potential and multifunctional applications of hierarchical surface wrinkles beyond uniform wrinkles. Although many reports have described the preparation of hierarchical wrinkles induced by mechanical stress and heat, fabrication through drying-induced shrinkage has hardly been reported. Here we introduce hierarchical surface wrinkles and bumps generated on a chitosan film via the preparation of double-skin layers with kappa- and iota-carrageenans, respectively, and subsequent drying. Double-skin layers are fabricated on a swollen chitosan film, called a chitosan hydrogel film, that is soaked first in kappa- or iota-carrageenan solution and then in water to remove excess adsorbed kappa- or iota-carrageenan. After the film is dried, hierarchical microscopic surface architectures are observed. In the case of the kappa-carrageenan system, the wrinkles are hierarchical, consisting of wrinkles (6.2 +/- 2.8 mu m) that have smaller buckles (0.23 +/- 0.09 mu m). We reveal that the wrinkles or the smaller buckles are caused by plane inhomogeneous shrinkage between the kappa-carrageenan layer and the chitosan film or by the aggregation of the kappa-carrageenan layer upon drying, respectively. Interestingly, the iota-carrageenan system showed hierarchical bumps consisting of semispherical bumps (5.6 +/- 2.1 mu m) that have smaller bumps (0.78 +/- 0.27 mu m). We reveal that the larger bumps are generated during the immersion of the chitosan hydrogel film into iota-carrageenan solution. The smaller bumps are generated by the aggregation of the iota-carrageenan layer that occurs during drying; this process requires the plane compression strain caused by the shrinkage of the chitosan hydrogel film.