Honey bees change the microbiota of pollen

Pollen, as all other plant tissues, harbors different microorganisms. As honey bees ( Apis mellifera ) collect and pack pollen they add regurgitated nectar to moisten and glue the pollen grains, possibly changing the microbial composition. In this study, we compared the microbiota of clean Brassica napus pollen with that of bee-worked corbicular pollen. We found that by working pollen, bees increase the bacterial diversity of pollen, by adding honey bee symbionts such as Bombella, Frischella, Gilliamella and Snodgrassella , bee pathogens as Spiroplasma and nectar dwelling Lactobacillus to the new pollen microbiota. The bee gut is an important source of inoculum of the corbicular pollen microbiota. We discuss the implications of these findings and propose future research avenues. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.