The role of telomere dysfunction in genomic instability and age-related diseases

Telomeres are specialized structures located at the ends of chromosomes that are critical for maintaining genomic integrity. Telomeres are shortened during each cycle of cell division because chromosomes are not able to completely replicate, a phenomenon known as the end-replication problem. Telomere shortening or dysfunction causes genome instability and is implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease and neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we discuss recent advances in basic and clinical research into telomere regulation and maintenance, and highlight how dysfunctional telomeres influence aging and age-related diseases.