Characterization of 16S rRNA methylase genes in Enterobacterales and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Athens Metropolitan area, 2015–2016

The aim of this study was to characterize the 16S rRNA methylase (RMT) genes in aminoglycoside-resistant Enterobacterales and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in 2015–2016 in hospitals in Athens, Greece. Single-patient, Gram-negative clinical isolates resistant to both amikacin and gentamicin ( n = 292) were consecutively collected during a two-year period (2015–2016) in five tertiary care hospitals in Athens. RMT genes were detected by PCR. In all RMT-producing isolates, ESBL and carbapenemase production was confirmed by PCR, and the clonal relatedness and the plasmid contents were also characterized. None of the 138 P. aeruginosa isolates harbored any of the RMT genes surveyed although some were highly resistant to aminoglycosides (MICs > = 512 mg/L). Among 154 Enterobacterales, 31 Providencia stuartii (93.9%), 42 Klebsiella pneumoniae (37.8%), six Proteus mirabilis (75%), and two Escherichia coli (100%) isolates were confirmed as highly resistant to amikacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin with MICs ≥ 512 mg/L, harboring mainly the rmtB (98.8%). All were carbapenemase producers. P. stuartii , P. mirabilis , and E. coli produced VIM-type carbapenemases. K. pneumoniae produced KPC- ( n = 34, 81.0%), OXA-48 ( n = 4, 9.5%), KPC- and VIM- ( n = 3, 7.1%), or only VIM-type ( n = 1, 2.4%) enzymes. Two groups of similar IncC plasmids were detected one harboring rmtB1 , bla VEB-1 , bla OXA-10 , and bla TEM-1 , and the other additionally bla VIM-1 and bla SHV-5 . Among RMT-producing Enterobacterales, rmtB1 predominated and was associated with carbapenemase-encoding gene(s). Similar IncC plasmids carrying a multiresistant region, including ESBL genes, and in the case of VIM-producing isolates, the bla VIM-1 , were responsible for this dissemination. The co-dissemination of these genes poses a public health threat.