Deletion of all three MAP kinase genes results in severe defects in stress responses and pathogenesis in Fusarium graminearum

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are activated by external stimuli and convert signals to cellular changes. Individual MAPKs have been characterized in a number of plant pathogenic fungi for their roles in pathogenesis and responses to biotic or abiotic stresses. However, mutants deleted of all the MAPK genes have not been reported in filamentous fungi. To determine the MAPK-less effects in a fungal pathogen, in this study we generated and characterized mutants deleted of all three MAPK genes in the wheat scab fungus Fusarium graminearum . The Gpmk1 mgv1 Fghog1 triple mutants had severe growth defects and was non-pathogenic. It was defective in infection cushion formation and DON production. Conidiation was reduced in the triple mutant, which often produced elongated conidia with more septa than the wild-type conidia. The triple mutant was blocked in sexual reproduction due to the loss of female fertility. Lack of any MAPKs resulted in an increased sensitivity to various abiotic stress including cell wall, osmotic, oxidative stresses, and phytoalexins, which are likely related to the defects of the triple mutant in environmental adaptation and plant infection. The triple mutant also had increased sensitivity to the biocontrol bacterium Bacillus velezensis and fungus Clonostachys rosea . In co-incubation assays with B. velezensis , the Gpmk1 mgv1 Fghog1 mutant had more severe growth limitation than the wild type and was defective in conidium germination and germ tube growth. In confrontation assays, the triple mutant was defective in defending against mycoparasitic activities of C. rosea and the latter could grow over the mutant but not wild-type F. graminearum . RNA-seq and metabolomics analyses showed that the MAPK triple mutant was altered in the expression of many ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter genes and the accumulation of metabolites related to arachidonic acid, linoleic acid, and alpha-linolenic acid metabolisms. Overall, as the first study on mutants deleted of all three MAPKs in fungal pathogens, our results showed that although MAPKs are not essential for growth and asexual reproduction, the Gpmk1 mgv1 Fghog1 triple mutant was blocked in plant infection and sexual reproductions. It also had severe defects in responses to various abiotic stresses and bacterial- or fungal-fungal interactions.