Hydrothermal properties of hybrid nanofluids

Hybrid nanofluids are characterized as dilution of hybrid nanoparticles in the base fluids. The hybrid nanoparticles may comprise two or more nanoparticles. The investigation effort toward the applicability of hybrid nanofluids in various equipment is increasing gradually because of its synergistic properties. This chapter outlines hybrid nanofluids’ hydrothermal properties, demonstrating that they possess higher heat transfer rates over the single nanoparticle-based nanofluids. Properties like surface tension, pumping power, pressure drop, friction factor, and fouling factor are discussed. Surface tension, friction factor, pressure drop, and pumping power are augmented with higher particle loadings. Increased fouling factor indicates a reduction in heat transfer coefficient with the use of hybrid nanofluids. Recent challenges are presented and reported that further investigation is required to study various types of hybrid nanoparticles, the stability of the nanofluid, thermophysical properties, heat transfer, less friction factor, pumping power, and pressure drop characteristics.