3D bioprinting as a designer organoid to assess pathological processes in translational medicine

3D bioprinting is an additive manufacturing method, formulated with cells printed in bioinks of basic matrix such as hydrogels. Bioinks are relevant to precision medicine mainly due to recapitulation of tissue organoids with broad application. 3D bioprinting can address the issue of increased cost in drug development with overall benefit in healthcare. Despite research, solid and hematological cancer remain a clinical problem. Existing models such as patient-derived xenografts and organoids, although beneficial, have limitations. This perspective discusses 3D bioprinting in key clinical issues to hasten treatment to patients. The diseases addressed are aging, cancer metastasis, cancer dormancy and drug screening. The perspective also discusses the application for other diseases and the future for 3D bioprinting in medicine.