Factors Associated with Internal Rotation Following Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) leads to improvement in pain and function with a durable outcome in most cases. While improvement in forward flexion, and to a lesser degree external rotation are predictably seen after RSA, restoration of internal rotation (IR) is much less predictable. The purpose of this review is to provide a narrative of the modifiable factors, including prosthetic design and surgical factors, that may impact postoperative IR after RSA. Overall, the available data suggests that postoperative IR is improved with a lower humeral neck shaft angle and lateralization of the glenoid. Decreasing humeral retroversion to 20° or less improves IR at the cost of decreasing active ER. Increasing glenosphere diameter improves IR but often within the setting of additional variables. The association between subscapularis repair is less clear but overall suggests that IR is improved postoperatively when it is repaired.