Broadband Measurement Setup for Cell Electrorotation

This work presents a broadband setup for single-cell electrorotation. It is capable of generating relatively high voltage in a continuous frequency band starting from 50 kHz up to 5 GHz. The setup shows very small phase and amplitude imbalance, which were found negligible as no decentric movement of the cell was observed. At least 9.6 V of peak-peak voltage at the single electrode was achieved with total harmonic distortion of less than 5%. The results obtained on lymphocytes follow the theoretical curves, and show that higher frequency of operation means higher sensitivity to the dielectric permittivity of the cell cytoplasm.