Plant pests and disease detection using optical sensors / Daljinsko zaznavanje rastlinskih bolezni in škodljivcev

ABSTRACTTraditional agricultural plant pest and disease management practices are based on visible characteristics and require that plants are checked individually, making these practices time consuming and therefore costly. Plant pests and diseases also often exhibit a heterogeneous distribution, making detection more difficult. Remote sensing methods enable comparatively accurate detection of pests and diseases over larger areas. Furthermore, because remote sensing sensors utilize light outside the human visible spectrum, presymptomatic detection becomes possible, thus facilitating timely, appropriate and spatially accurate management practices. Because remote sensing systems generate large amount of data, novel data analysis methods, such as machine learning, were introduced to plant protection. While pest and disease detection is possible using individual sensors, best results can be obtained by combining different sensors, utilizing different spectral ranges or physiological responses to light. A large amount of data and information has been generated in the past, but this research has mostly been focused on individual pathogens. Future research will have to focus on combined infections or infestations, and include abiotic stressors as well. Key words: Remote sensing, plant protection, hyperspectral, multispectral, thermal, fluorescence, precision agriculture IZVLECEKVelikokrat tradicionalni pristopi varstva rastlin pred rastlinskimi boleznimi in skodljivci temeljijo na vidnih simptomih, ki vkljucuje redno pregledovanje posameznih rastlin. Postopki so zato lahko dolgotrajni in s tem dragi. Bolezni in skodljivci imajo v prostoru pogosto heterogeno razporeditev, kar otežuje njihovo odkrivanje. Metode daljinskega zaznavanja omogocajo razmeroma natancno odkrivanje skodljivcev in bolezni na vecjih obmocjih. Ker uporabljajo senzorji daljinskega zaznavanja tudi svetlobo izven nam vidnega spektra, je možno tudi zgodnje odkrivanje, t.j. odkrivanje pred razvojem vidnih znakov bolezni. To omogoca pravocasno, ustrezno in prostorsko natancno upravljanje z boleznimi in skodljivci. Sistemi daljinskega zaznavanja ustvarjajo velike kolicine podatkov, zato so bile v varstvo rastlin uvedene sodobne metode za analizo podatkov, na primer strojno ucenje. Ceprav je možno zaznava bolezni in skodljivcev z uporabo posameznih senzorjev, lahko dosežemo najboljse rezultate z združevanjem razlicnih senzorjev, torej z uporabo razlicnih spektralnih obmocij ali fizioloskih odzivov na svetlobo. Dosedanje raziskave so bile osredotocene na posamezne skodljivce in bolezni. Prihodnje raziskave se bodo morale osredotociti na kombinirane okužbe ter vkljucevati tudi abiotske stresorje. Kljucne besede: daljinsko zaznavanje, varstvo rastlin, hiperspekter, multispekter, toplotno slikanje, fluorescenca, precizno kmetijstvo