Mechanisms for cells responding to mechanical stresses via the cell membrane

Cell membranes play an important role in various activities of cells. In particular, cell membranes are involved in maintaining intracellular ion balance and activating ion channels that play an important role in cell resistance to mechanical damage. Mechanical stresses such as weight loss, supergravity, shear stress and tension can affect cell growth and activity. Under the action of mechanical stress, the structure, composition and function of the cell membrane change to support cell growth. This paper reviews the protective and regulatory mechanisms of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells under different mechanical stresses, focusing on cell membrane.