Prevalence and clinical characteristics of hepatitis B surface antigen-negative/hepatitis B core antibody-positive patients with detectable serum hepatitis B virus DNA

Background: To determine the prevalence of detectable serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in patients who are hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-negative and hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb)-positive. The correlation between HBV DNA viral load and serological markers, as well as liver and coagulation function indicators were investigated. Furthermore, the effects of immunosuppressive therapy on DNA replication were assessed. Methods: A total of 2,013 HBsAg-negative/HBcAb-positive patients admitted to our hospital between January and December 2019 were enrolled in this study. Patient clinical characteristics including serological markers, HBV DNA viral load, liver function and coagulation function indicators, and immune function status were analyzed. Results: In the Hunan province in China, the prevalence of detectable HBV DNA was 5.4% in HBsAg-negative/HBcAb-positive patients. However, the prevalence of detectable HBV DNA in HBsAg-negative/ HBcAb-positive patients may vary because of different HBV serological markers. In patients with detectable serum HBV DNA, the log10 HBV DNA value was positively correlated with alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels, and negatively correlated with antithrombin III (AT III) concentrations. Moreover, in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy, ALT and AST levels were higher than those of patients who did not receive immunosuppressive therapy. The ALT and AST levels in hepatitis B e antibody (HBeAb)-positive patients were significantly higher than that observed in HBeAb-negative patients. Conclusions: For HBsAg-negative/ HBcAb-positive patients, clinicians should pay attention to the patient's immune function status. In situations where HBV DNA cannot be detected, changes in serum ALT, AST, and AT III concentrations can be used to speculate on viral replication status to reduce the risk of HBV infection and transmission.