Transforming growth factor-beta as a therapeutic target for the cardiac damage of Chagas disease

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is deeply involved on the pathogenesis of Chagas disease. Our group has been investigating the participation of this pleiotropic cytokine in different aspects of Chagas disease over the last 20 years. Important observations have been made, such as: (i) the ability of Trypanosoma cruzi in activating latent TGF-beta; (ii) the potential involvement of TGF-beta pathway on T. cruzi invasion of host cells; (iii) association of TGF-beta with parasite intracellular replication; (iv) cardiac fibrosis development and maintenance; (v) disruption of Connexin-43 plaque structures and (vi) inflammation and immune response. In this perspective article we intend to discuss the advances of the potential use of new therapies targeting TGF-beta to treat the cardiac alterations of Chagas disease-affected patients.