Carrier-free nanomedicine for enhanced photodynamic tumor therapy through glutathione S-transferase inhibition

Antioxidant-defense systems of tumor cells protect them from oxidative damage. Herein, a carrier-free nanomedicine is developed based on chlorine e6 (Ce6) and coniferyl ferulate (Con), which inhibits glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity to hamper antioxidant systems and amplify intracellular oxidative stress for enhanced photodynamic therapy.