Variation of spatio-temporal distribution of on-road vehicle emissions based on real-time RFID data.

High-resolution vehicular emissions inventories are important for managing vehicular pollution and improving urban air quality. This study developed a vehicular emission inventory with high spatio-temporal resolution in the main urban area of Chongqing, based on real-time traffic data from 820 RFID detectors covering 454 roads, and the differences in spatio-temporal emission characteristics between inner and outer districts were analysed. The result showed that the daily vehicular emission intensities of CO, hydrocarbons, PM2.5, PM10, and NOx were 30.24, 3.83, 0.18, 0.20, and 8.65 kg/km per day, respectively, in the study area during 2018. The pollutants emission intensities in inner district were higher than those in outer district. Light passenger cars (LPCs) were the main contributors of all-day CO emissions in the inner and outer districts, from which the contributors of NOx emissions were different. Diesel and natural gas buses were major contributors of daytime NOx emissions in inner districts, accounting for 40.40%, but buses and heavy duty trucks (HDTs) were major contributors in outer districts. At nighttime, due to the lifting of truck restrictions and suspension of buses, HDTs become the main NOx contributor in both inner and outer districts, and its three NOx emission peak hours were found, which are different to the peak hours of total NOx emission by all vehicles. Unlike most other cities, bridges and connecting channels are always emission hotspots due to long-time traffic congestion. This knowledge will help fully understand vehicular emissions characteristics and is useful for policymakers to design precise prevention and control measures.