Ultrasensitive electrochemical determination of phosphate in water by using hydrophilic TiO₂ modified glassy carbon electrodes

In this paper, ultrasensitive electrochemical determination of phosphate in water is achieved by using hydrophilic TiO2 modified glassy carbon electrodes for the first time. A detection limit of 0.1 μg L−1 is obtained, and a linear relationship (R2 = 0.99) between the phosphate concentration (ranging from 0.1 μg L−1 to 1 μg L−1) and the peak current was observed.