Physiological Aspects of Aging and Their Clinical Ramifications

Physiological changes associated with the aging process along with age-related chronic diseases can have important clinical implications. These changes can be understood from a biopsychosocial perspective, also interacting with the identity of the aging individual. This article summarizes the major age-related changes in physical functioning including appearance, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, the regulatory systems involved in excretion, digestion, immunity, and endocrine functions, the nervous system, and sensory functioning. Following a brief review of how aging affects these systems, the article includes clinical implications that can be of use in treating older adults in psychotherapy.