Parasite Microremains: Preservation, Recovery, Processing, and Identification

Ancient parasite studies depend on the recovery of parasite remains from archaeological material. Collection strategies, sample processing, and the use of parasitological techniques are essential to perform the analyses without loss of microremains and also to interpret the data obtained by correlating with the archaeological information. Together with the methods of analyses, the identification and differentiation between these microremains and others commonly observed in the processed samples, such as pollen grains, plant spores, fungi spores, and others, are essential so that no misdiagnosis occurs, resulting in misinterpretation of the health situation of an ancient population. All ancient parasite studies require an evaluation and discussion of taphonomy, based on the factors identified in each archaeological site. Paleoparasitology does not only require the identification of parasite remains in samples, but it involves a set of strategies, meticulous training, and application of multiple concepts in order to clarify the infection/disease process in ancient populations. In this chapter, the importance of paleoparasitology is discussed, and strategies and recommendations on sample collection, sample processing, use of parasitological techniques, and researcher training are presented. Taphonomic aspects related to experimental studies in specific sites are discussed. This chapter aims to orient those interested in the field and guide the community toward establishing principles of preservation applicable in all types of archaeological remains in which eggs can be recovered.