The influence of residential wood combustion on the concentrations of PM<sub>2.5</sub> in four Nordic cities

Abstract. Residential wood combustion (RWC) is an important contributor to air quality in numerous regions worldwide. This study is the first extensive evaluation of the influence of RWC on ambient air quality in several Nordic cities. We have analyzed the emissions and concentrations of PM2.5 in cities within four Nordic countries: the metropolitan areas of Copenhagen, Oslo and Helsinki, and Umeå. We have evaluated the emissions for the relevant urban source categories and modelled atmospheric dispersion on regional and urban scales. The emission inventories for RWC were based on local surveys, the amount of wood combusted, combustion technologies and other relevant factors. The accuracy of the predicted concentrations was evaluated based on urban concentration measurements. The predicted annual average concentrations ranged spatially from 4 to 7 μg/m3 (2011), from 6 to 10 μg/m3 (2013), from 4 to more than 13 μg/m3 (2013) and from 9 to more than 13 μg/m3 (2014), in Umeå, Helsinki, Oslo and Copenhagen, respectively. The higher concentrations in Copenhagen were mainly caused by the higher long-range transported background. The annual average fractions of PM2.5 concentrations attributed to RWC within the considered urban regions ranged spatially from 0 to 15 %, from 0 to 20 %, from 8 to 30 % and from 0 to 60 % in Helsinki, Copenhagen, Umeå and Oslo, respectively. In particular, the contributions of RWC in central Oslo were larger than 40 % as annual averages. In Oslo, wood combustion was used mainly for the heating of larger blocks of flats. On the contrary, in Helsinki, RWC was solely used in smaller detached houses. In Copenhagen and Helsinki, the highest fractions occurred outside the city center in the suburban areas. In Umeå, the highest fractions occurred both in the city centre and its surroundings. Stricter and more efficient emission regulations should be set in the Nordic countries with respect to RWC, especially in urban areas, for the protection of human health.