The accuracy and effectiveness of automatic pedicle screw trajectory planning based on computer tomography values: an in vitro osteoporosis model study

Background Pedicle screw placement in patients with osteoporosis is a serious clinical challenge. The bone mineral density (BMD) of the screw trajectory has been positively correlated with the screw pull-out force, while the computer tomography (CT) value has been linearly correlated with the BMD. The purpose of this study was to establish an in vitro osteoporosis model and verify the accuracy and effectiveness of automated pedicle screw planning software based on CT values in this model. Methods Ten vertebrae (L1-L5) of normal adult pigs were randomly divided into decalcification and control groups. In the decalcification group, the vertebral bodies were decalcified with Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to construct an in vitro osteoporosis model. In the decalcification group, automatic planning (AP) and conventional manual planning (MP) were used to plan the pedicle screw trajectory on the left and right sides of the pedicle, respectively, and MP was used on both sides of the control group. CT values of trajectories obtained by the two methods were measured and compared. Then, 3D-printed guide plates were designed to assist pedicle screw placement. Finally, the pull-out force of the trajectory obtained by the two methods was measured. Results After decalcification, the BMD of the vertebra decreased from − 0.03 ± 1.03 to − 3.03 ± 0.29 ( P < 0.05). In the decalcification group, the MP trajectory CT value was 2167.28 ± 65.62 Hu, the AP trajectory CT value was 2723.96 ± 165.83 Hu, and the MP trajectory CT value in the control group was 2242.94 ± 25.80 Hu ( P < 0.05). In the decalcified vertebrae, the screw pull-out force of the MP group was 48.6% lower than that of the control group ( P < 0.05). The pull-out force of the AP trajectory was 44.7% higher than that of the MP trajectory ( P < 0.05) and reached 97.4% of the MP trajectory in the control group ( P > 0.05). Conclusion Automatic planning of the pedicle screw trajectory based on the CT value can obtain a higher screw pull-out force, which is a valuable new method of pedicle screw placement in osteoporotic vertebre.