Pulsed Microwave Liver Ablation: An Additional Tool to Treat Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Simple Summary Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the seventh most frequent neoplasm and the second most common oncologic cause of death, mostly in patients with end-stage liver disease. HCC treatment is complex and different solutions are available, ranging from liver transplants to local therapies. In this study, we analyze the role of pulsed microwave liver ablation as an additional treatment option. This study aimed to analyze the outcomes of HCC patients treated with a novel technique-pulsed microwave ablation (MWA)-in terms of safety, local tumor progression (LTP), intrahepatic recurrence (IHR), and overall survival (OS). A total of 126 pulsed microwave procedures have been performed in our center. We included patients with mono- or multifocal HCC (BCLC 0 to D). The LTP at 12 months was 9.9%, with an IHR rate of 27.8% at one year. Survival was 92.0% at 12 months with 29.4% experiencing post-operative complications (28.6% Clavien-Dindo 1-2, 0.8% Clavien-Dindo 3-4). Stratifying patients by BCLC, we achieved BCLC 0, A, B, C, and D survival rates of 100%, 93.2%, 93.3%, 50%, and 100%, respectively, at one year, which was generally superior to or in line with the expected survival rates among patients who are started on standard treatment. The pulsed MWA technique is safe and effective. The technique can be proposed not only in patients with BCLC A staging but also in the highly selected cases of BCLC B, C, and D, confirming the importance of the concept of stage migration. This procedure, especially if performed with a minimally invasive technique (laparoscopic or percutaneous), is repeatable with a short postoperative hospital stay.