An Analysis of Variations in the Effectiveness of Query Performance Prediction

A query performance predictor estimates the retrieval effectiveness of a system for a given query. Query performance prediction (QPP) algorithms are themselves evaluated by measuring the correlation between the predicted effectiveness and the actual effectiveness of a system for a set of queries. This generally accepted framework for judging the usefulness of a QPP method includes a number of sources of variability. For example, “actual effectiveness” can be measured using different metrics, for different rank cut-offs. The objective of this study is to identify some of these sources, and investigate how variations in the framework can affect the outcomes of QPP experiments. We consider this issue not only in terms of the absolute values of the evaluation metrics being reported (e.g., Pearson’s r, Kendall’s $$\tau $$ ), but also with respect to the changes in the ranks of different QPP systems when ordered by the QPP metric scores. Our experiments reveal that the observed QPP outcomes can vary considerably, both in terms of the absolute evaluation metric values and also in terms of the relative system ranks. We report the combinations of QPP evaluation metric and experimental settings that are likely to lead to smaller variations in the observed results.